Robert Kaplan's 21st-Century American Travelogue Is Written For The Ruling Elite.
By Jim Hotep
An Empire Wilderness: Travels Into America's Future, by
Robert D. Kaplan, Random House, 1998. $27.50 hardback.
HISTORY IS DESTINY. Believe that and there's still no guarantee
you'll read An Empire Wilderness: Travels Into America's Future
without frustration. This is no traditional history book.
Here, geography determines history, so that life on the North
American continent--from the dense jungles of Qunitana Roo at
Mexico's big-toe to Canada's frozen bellybutton in Hudson Bay,
and Kansas cornfields somewhere in between--is the logical result
of landscape necessity. Military action is an apparent exception.
The Civil War changed everything. It was the pivot point to our
present. And ever since, American military might has made the
world safe for democracy, although it all may amount to a brief
shining moment before democracy, too, fades in the inexorable
sweep of historical tides. This could easily happen since the
social contract which held us together as a nation, drawn from
our viscerally felt relations to the "vast wilderness,"
no longer holds as national glue, dried out with the nation's
expansion across the continent and the effective shrinking of
the planet. But, our military should keep us from falling over
the edge into the terrors of the Millennium.
These are just a few of the assumptions you've got to buy not
to get angst from reading An Empire Wilderness, author
Robert D. Kaplan's latest, wide-ranging, difficult and uneven
work. Kaplan's project since the late 1980s is to foresee the
world we'll find in the 21st century. To do this, he's chosen
to write travelogues, and he has journeyed to the front lines
at the most dangerous and wretched places of the earth. Kaplan
has more than once risked his life to get the story. In the Balkans
with warring Croats and Serbs, with the Kurds on the Iran-Iraq
border, in Africa, and the Far East.
Last year, in his To The Ends of The Earth (see: http://weeklywire.com/tw/06-05-97/book2.htm),
Kaplan told an "apocalyptic" tale of how most of the
world beyond the reach of electricity, good plumbing, and decent
food is flying apart. Poverty, disease and rapacious plundering
of resources for the primary benefit of the First World will never
allow the Third World to catch up, propelling pent forces in the
"underground" of the planet to explode, rupturing the
comfortable bubble covering Western civilization. Now, Kaplan
turns his sights on home.
The American tour Kaplan takes is to no one place--he would journey
to the horizons of an America being reborn at the harrowing precipice
of the 21st century. Edging the borders of this American Century,
Kaplan weaves together a tapestry of pieces bubbling over with
keen observation and insight, the best of which have already appeared
over the last five years in the Atlantic Monthly. What
emerges is a patchwork designed to show the devolution of the
United States towards a loosely-held confederation of city-states,
an "empire" Kaplan foresees entering a "silver
age" of civilized prosperity.
Kaplan follows the trails of soldier-explorers and pioneers who
were the first to encounter the wilderness of the North American
West. And like them, he finds what may seem strange and new, presenting
a picture of North America that those living the experience are
not likely to see.
What Kaplan finds at the edge of tomorrow includes:
A decentralized empire built of steel, glass, marble and
polymers designed from no geographic or cultural origins, inhabited
by an international mosaic of people from distant cultures, all
living in city-states with a vast no-man's land between.
World-wide corporations replacing government services
in all but regional defense and dispute resolution.
Kaplan starts and ends his journey to the New America with homages
to the military strategic training center at Fort Leavenworth,
Kansas, near where the Spanish conquistadors led by Coronado ended
their entry into the American heartland.
Kaplan treks mountain roads, talks with just plain and mightier
folk, and ruminates across the continent's Westside--from Canada's
Rockies to the Pacific Coast, from Mississippi riverboat casinos
to Orange County high-end malls, and from Mexico City north through
Sinaloa and Sonora across the border to Tucson. He bypasses Phoenix,
writing it off as an oasis of "lawns, shopping centers and
office parks." Much of the book is written in a mournful
tone, just above a dirge.
"What we call 'the border' has always been a wild, unstable
swath of desert, hundreds of miles wide, where culture was always
as thin as the vegetation," says Kaplan early on in his discussion
of the differences between Mexico and the Arizona borderlands.
Kaplan's view of borderland history minimizes the fact that the
Spanish did not come with soldiers alone. Like the good exemplar
of Roman tradition it was, Spain presented a fist and an open
hand. With the fist came the Conquistadores, who sought gold.
With the open hand came the padres, who sought to cultivate souls.
Kaplan chooses to see the borderland in terms of the Conquistadors
alone, and ignores the padres who stayed. And this was slow, patient
work, the cultivating of souls. The only padre Kaplan mentions
is Fray Junipero Serra: Kaplan stays at a hotel named for him
in Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico.
Many of those who have seen the borderlands desert for the first
time see it as empty of life. Kaplan is no different. "A
cindery wasteland stubbled by thorns," he calls the Sonoran
Desert. He shows no signs of having read the
commentators on desert life and histories such as Officer, Nabhan,
Fontana, Yetman or Sheridan. But he does quote from names familiar
to Tucson Weekly readers--Bowden, Franzi, Smith, McKasson
and a mysterious unnamed Tucson city appartchik, who for all their
fervor and crisp soundbites, provide here more heat than light.
Kaplan emerges from his short Arizona desert stay with the unremarkable
insight that what goes on in D.C. doesn't really make much sense
in the real world.
Nevertheless, the best of what Kaplan does in these pages is
the result of keen observation and powerful, provocative insight.
But don't expect depth. This is a top-level view, for all Kaplan's
riding in Mexican buses. It's a set of first impressions, stoked
by a partial historical eye. His writing is not really for those
living in the desert or any of the urban "pods." This
book is primarily directed at the members of the elite who live
by cellular phone, and whose best address is an electronic mailbox.
It will undoubtedly make a very compelling PBS series.
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